Measuring true bootlegging: Conceptualization, scale development and validation

Di Zhao, Hongyu Wang and Xianliu Kou

Journal of Business Research, 2025, vol. 196, issue C

Abstract: Among the three sub-classes of bootlegging, true bootlegging occurs most frequently in organizations because it is the most covert. However, the definition and measurement of true bootlegging have been rarely explored. This study contributes to the bootlegging literature by distinguishing between the sub-classes of bootlegging and conducting an in-depth investigation of true bootlegging. Drawing on representative definitions from existing literature, we conceptualize true bootlegging. Then, we use three studies to develop and validate a five-dimensional, 17-item True Bootlegging Scale (TBS). The empirical results demonstrate that the TBS exhibits good reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity. This scale addresses the shortcomings of existing measurement tools and provides a scientific scale for the empirical study of true bootlegging.

Keywords: True bootlegging; Conceptualization; Scale development; Nomological validation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296325002656
Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:196:y:2025:i:c:s0148296325002656

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115442

Access Statistics for this article

Journal of Business Research is currently edited by A. G. Woodside

More articles in Journal of Business Research from Elsevier
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Catherine Liu ().